Ole Miss riot of 1962: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1128059983 by HAL333 (talk)
No edit summary
Line 121:
===Aftermath===
[[File:US Marshals at Ole Miss October 1962 cph.3c35522.jpg|thumb|alt=U.S. Army trucks loaded with steel-helmeted federal agents roll across the University of Mississippi campus|U.S. Army trucks driving across campus on October 3]]
Two civilians were killed during the riots: French journalist [[Paul Guihard]], on assignment for [[Agence France-Presse]], who was found behind the Lyceum building with a gunshot wound to the back; and 23-year-old Ray Gunter, a white jukebox repairman who had visited the campus out of curiosity.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Though the Heavens Fall (5 of 7)|magazine=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829233-5,00.html|access-date=October 3, 2007|date=October 12, 1962|archive-date=October 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014142/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829233-5,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[#Wickham|Wickham (2011)]], pp. 102–112.</ref> Gunter was found with a bullet wound in his forehead. Law enforcement officials described these as execution-style killings.<ref>[[#Bryant{{efn|Bryant (2006)]], pp. 70—71.</ref> They were likely not killed by stray fire from the feds: the FBI found that the killing bullets matched none of the 450 examined guns belonging to the marshals, Border Patrolmen, or federal prison guards. However, personal weapons of agents who quit their respective services after the riot were not examined.<ref>[[#Doylegroup=note|Doyle (2001)]], p. 216.</ref><!--According to historian [[William Doyle (historian)|William Doyle]], "It was a sheer miracle that scores, if not hundreds, of Americans were not slaughtered that night."<ref>{{cite news|last=Engel|first=Matthew|date=September 29, 2004|title=A rogue state closer to home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/30/usa.matthewengel|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825205110/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/30/usa.matthewengel|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Gunter was found with a bullet wound in his forehead. Law enforcement officials described these as execution--style killings.<ref>[[#Bryant|Bryant (2006)]], pp. 70—71.</ref> They were likely not killed by stray fire from the feds: the FBI found that the killing bullets matched none of the 450 examined guns belonging to the marshals, Border Patrolmen, or federal prison guards. However, personal weapons of agents who quit their respective services after the riot were not examined.<ref>[[#Doyle|Doyle (2001)]], p. 216.</ref>
 
The day after the riot, Barnett called the DOJ and offered to pay for Meredith's college education anywhere out-of-state. Barnett's final plea was rejected.<ref name="cohodas122"/> On October 1, 1962, Meredith became the first African-American student to be enrolled at the University of Mississippi,<ref>{{cite news|title=1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/1/newsid_2538000/2538169.stm|access-date=October 2, 2007|date=October 1, 1962|archive-date=October 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005031808/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/1/newsid_2538000/2538169.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and attended his first class, in American Colonial History.<ref>[[#Lambert|Lambert (2009)]], p. 131.</ref> His admission marked the first integration of a public educational facility in Mississippi.<ref name="sitton"/> Following rumors of dynamite in Baxter Hall, an October 31 search by troops and campus police discovered a grenade, gasoline, and a .22-calibre rifle, among other weapons.<ref>[[#CITEREFScheips2005|Scheips (2005)]], p. 127.</ref> Racist agitation continued on the campus, with the state attorney general calling for students to not fraternize with the "intruder" Meredith.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sitton|first=Claude|date=November 4, 1962|title=At 'Ole Miss': Uneasy Peace; Return to Normalcy Seen Despite Continued Racist Agitation|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/11/04/archives/at-ole-miss-uneasy-peace-return-to-normalcy-seen-despite-continued.html|access-date=September 6, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907043613/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/11/04/archives/at-ole-miss-uneasy-peace-return-to-normalcy-seen-despite-continued.html|archive-date=September 7, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time, there were still hundreds of troops guarding Meredith 24 hours a day. In order to appease the local sensitivities, however, 4,000 black soldiers were removed under Robert Kennedy's secret orders.{{sfn|Gallagher|2012|p=187}} Meredith decried the move.<ref>[[#Rosenberg|Rosenberg & Karabell (2003)]], p. 83.</ref>